Opcodes
OPCODES FOR THE EVM
OVERVIEW
This is an updated version of the EVM reference page at wolflo/evm-opcodes↗. Also drawn from the Ethereum's Yellow Paper↗, the Jello Paper↗, and the etn-sc implementation. This is intended to be an accessible reference, but it is not particularly rigorous. If you want to be certain of correctness and aware of every edge case, using the Jello Paper or a client implementation is advisable.
Looking for an interactive reference? Check out evm.codes↗.
For operations with dynamic gas costs, see gas.md↗.
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00
STOP
0
halt execution
01
ADD
3
a, b
a + b
(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
02
MUL
5
a, b
a * b
(u)int256 multiplication modulo 2**256
03
SUB
3
a, b
a - b
(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
04
DIV
5
a, b
a // b
uint256 division
05
SDIV
5
a, b
a // b
int256 division
06
MOD
5
a, b
a % b
uint256 modulus
07
SMOD
5
a, b
a % b
int256 modulus
08
ADDMOD
8
a, b, N
(a + b) % N
(u)int256 addition modulo N
09
MULMOD
8
a, b, N
(a * b) % N
(u)int256 multiplication modulo N
0A
EXP
a, b
a ** b
uint256 exponentiation modulo 2**256
0B
SIGNEXTEND
5
b, x
SIGNEXTEND(x, b)
0C-0F
invalid
10
LT
3
a, b
a < b
uint256 less-than
11
GT
3
a, b
a > b
uint256 greater-than
12
SLT
3
a, b
a < b
int256 less-than
13
SGT
3
a, b
a > b
int256 greater-than
14
EQ
3
a, b
a == b
(u)int256 equality
15
ISZERO
3
a
a == 0
(u)int256 iszero
16
AND
3
a, b
a && b
bitwise AND
17
OR
3
a, b
a \|\| b
bitwise OR
18
XOR
3
a, b
a ^ b
bitwise XOR
19
NOT
3
a
~a
bitwise NOT
1A
BYTE
3
i, x
(x >> (248 - i * 8)) && 0xFF
ith byte of (u)int256 x, from the left
1B
SHL
3
shift, val
val << shift
shift left
1C
SHR
3
shift, val
val >> shift
logical shift right
1D
SAR
3
shift, val
val >> shift
arithmetic shift right
1E-1F
invalid
20
KECCAK256
ost, len
keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1])
keccak256
21-2F
invalid
30
ADDRESS
2
.
address(this)
address of executing contract
31
BALANCE
addr
addr.balance
balance, in wei
32
ORIGIN
2
.
tx.origin
address that originated the tx
33
CALLER
2
.
msg.sender
address of msg sender
34
CALLVALUE
2
.
msg.value
msg value, in wei
35
CALLDATALOAD
3
idx
msg.data[idx:idx+32]
read word from msg data at index idx
36
CALLDATASIZE
2
.
len(msg.data)
length of msg data, in bytes
37
CALLDATACOPY
dstOst, ost, len
.
mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := msg.data[ost:ost+len-1]
copy msg data
38
CODESIZE
2
.
len(this.code)
length of executing contract's code, in bytes
39
CODECOPY
dstOst, ost, len
.
mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := this.code[ost:ost+len-1]
copy executing contract's bytecode
3A
GASPRICE
2
.
tx.gasprice
3B
EXTCODESIZE
addr
len(addr.code)
size of code at addr, in bytes
3C
EXTCODECOPY
addr, dstOst, ost, len
.
mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := addr.code[ost:ost+len-1]
copy code from addr
3D
RETURNDATASIZE
2
.
size
size of returned data from last external call, in bytes
3E
RETURNDATACOPY
dstOst, ost, len
.
mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := returndata[ost:ost+len-1]
copy returned data from last external call
3F
EXTCODEHASH
addr
hash
hash = addr.exists ? keccak256(addr.code) : 0
40
BLOCKHASH
20
blockNum
blockHash(blockNum)
41
COINBASE
2
.
block.coinbase
address of miner of current block
42
TIMESTAMP
2
.
block.timestamp
timestamp of current block
43
NUMBER
2
.
block.number
number of current block
44
PREVRANDAO
2
.
randomness beacon
randomness beacon
45
GASLIMIT
2
.
block.gaslimit
gas limit of current block
46
CHAINID
2
.
chain_id
47
SELFBALANCE
5
.
address(this).balance
balance of executing contract, in wei
48
BASEFEE
2
.
block.basefee
base fee of current block
49-4F
invalid
50
POP
2
_anon
.
remove item from top of stack and discard it
51
MLOAD
ost
mem[ost:ost+32]
read word from memory at offset ost
52
MSTORE
ost, val
.
mem[ost:ost+32] := val
write a word to memory
53
MSTORE8
ost, val
.
mem[ost] := val && 0xFF
write a single byte to memory
54
SLOAD
key
storage[key]
read word from storage
55
SSTORE
key, val
.
storage[key] := val
write word to storage
56
JUMP
8
dst
.
$pc := dst mark that pc is only assigned if dst is a valid jumpdest
57
JUMPI
10
dst, condition
.
$pc := condition ? dst : $pc + 1
58
PC
2
.
$pc
program counter
59
MSIZE
2
.
len(mem)
size of memory in current execution context, in bytes
5A
GAS
2
.
gasRemaining
5B
JUMPDEST
1
mark valid jump destination
a valid jump destination for example a jump destination not inside the push data
5C-5E
invalid
5F
PUSH0
2
.
uint8
push the constant value 0 onto stack
60
PUSH1
3
.
uint8
push 1-byte value onto stack
61
PUSH2
3
.
uint16
push 2-byte value onto stack
62
PUSH3
3
.
uint24
push 3-byte value onto stack
63
PUSH4
3
.
uint32
push 4-byte value onto stack
64
PUSH5
3
.
uint40
push 5-byte value onto stack
65
PUSH6
3
.
uint48
push 6-byte value onto stack
66
PUSH7
3
.
uint56
push 7-byte value onto stack
67
PUSH8
3
.
uint64
push 8-byte value onto stack
68
PUSH9
3
.
uint72
push 9-byte value onto stack
69
PUSH10
3
.
uint80
push 10-byte value onto stack
6A
PUSH11
3
.
uint88
push 11-byte value onto stack
6B
PUSH12
3
.
uint96
push 12-byte value onto stack
6C
PUSH13
3
.
uint104
push 13-byte value onto stack
6D
PUSH14
3
.
uint112
push 14-byte value onto stack
6E
PUSH15
3
.
uint120
push 15-byte value onto stack
6F
PUSH16
3
.
uint128
push 16-byte value onto stack
70
PUSH17
3
.
uint136
push 17-byte value onto stack
71
PUSH18
3
.
uint144
push 18-byte value onto stack
72
PUSH19
3
.
uint152
push 19-byte value onto stack
73
PUSH20
3
.
uint160
push 20-byte value onto stack
74
PUSH21
3
.
uint168
push 21-byte value onto stack
75
PUSH22
3
.
uint176
push 22-byte value onto stack
76
PUSH23
3
.
uint184
push 23-byte value onto stack
77
PUSH24
3
.
uint192
push 24-byte value onto stack
78
PUSH25
3
.
uint200
push 25-byte value onto stack
79
PUSH26
3
.
uint208
push 26-byte value onto stack
7A
PUSH27
3
.
uint216
push 27-byte value onto stack
7B
PUSH28
3
.
uint224
push 28-byte value onto stack
7C
PUSH29
3
.
uint232
push 29-byte value onto stack
7D
PUSH30
3
.
uint240
push 30-byte value onto stack
7E
PUSH31
3
.
uint248
push 31-byte value onto stack
7F
PUSH32
3
.
uint256
push 32-byte value onto stack
80
DUP1
3
a
a, a
clone 1st value on stack
81
DUP2
3
_, a
a, _, a
clone 2nd value on stack
82
DUP3
3
_, _, a
a, _, _, a
clone 3rd value on stack
83
DUP4
3
_, _, _, a
a, _, _, _, a
clone 4th value on stack
84
DUP5
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 5th value on stack
85
DUP6
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 6th value on stack
86
DUP7
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 7th value on stack
87
DUP8
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 8th value on stack
88
DUP9
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 9th value on stack
89
DUP10
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 10th value on stack
8A
DUP11
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 11th value on stack
8B
DUP12
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 12th value on stack
8C
DUP13
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 13th value on stack
8D
DUP14
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 14th value on stack
8E
DUP15
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 15th value on stack
8F
DUP16
3
..., a
a, ..., a
clone 16th value on stack
90
SWAP1
3
a, b
b, a
91
SWAP2
3
a, _, b
b, _, a
92
SWAP3
3
a, _, _, b
b, _, _, a
93
SWAP4
3
a, _, _, _, b
b, _, _, _, a
94
SWAP5
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
95
SWAP6
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
96
SWAP7
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
97
SWAP8
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
98
SWAP9
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
99
SWAP10
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
9A
SWAP11
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
9B
SWAP12
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
9C
SWAP13
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
9D
SWAP14
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
9E
SWAP15
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
9F
SWAP16
3
a, ..., b
b, ..., a
A0
LOG0
ost, len
.
LOG0(memory[ost:ost+len-1])
A1
LOG1
ost, len, topic0
.
LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0)
A2
LOG2
ost, len, topic0, topic1
.
LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1)
A3
LOG3
ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2
.
LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2)
A4
LOG4
ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3
.
LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3)
A5-EF
invalid
F0
CREATE
val, ost, len
addr
addr = keccak256(rlp([address(this), this.nonce]))
F1
CALL
gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen
success
mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F2
CALLCODE
gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen
success
mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] = returndata
same as DELEGATECALL, but does not propagate original msg.sender and msg.value
F3
RETURN
ost, len
.
return mem[ost:ost+len-1]
F4
DELEGATECALL
gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen
success
mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F5
CREATE2
val, ost, len, salt
addr
addr = keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ salt ++ keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1]))[12:]
F6-F9
invalid
FA
STATICCALL
gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen
success
mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
FB-FC
invalid
FD
REVERT
ost, len
.
revert(mem[ost:ost+len-1])
FE
INVALID
FF
SELFDESTRUCT
addr
.
destroy contract and sends all funds to addr
Last updated