Opcodes

OPCODES FOR THE EVM

OVERVIEW

This is an updated version of the EVM reference page at wolflo/evm-opcodes↗. Also drawn from the Ethereum's Yellow Paper↗, the Jello Paper↗, and the etn-sc implementation. This is intended to be an accessible reference, but it is not particularly rigorous. If you want to be certain of correctness and aware of every edge case, using the Jello Paper or a client implementation is advisable.

Looking for an interactive reference? Check out evm.codes↗.

For operations with dynamic gas costs, see gas.md↗.

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Stack	Name	Gas	Initial Stack	Resulting Stack	Mem / Storage	Notes
00	STOP	0				halt execution
01	ADD	3	a, b	a + b		(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
02	MUL	5	a, b	a * b		(u)int256 multiplication modulo 2**256
03	SUB	3	a, b	a - b		(u)int256 addition modulo 2**256
04	DIV	5	a, b	a // b		uint256 division
05	SDIV	5	a, b	a // b		int256 division
06	MOD	5	a, b	a % b		uint256 modulus
07	SMOD	5	a, b	a % b		int256 modulus
08	ADDMOD	8	a, b, N	(a + b) % N		(u)int256 addition modulo N
09	MULMOD	8	a, b, N	(a * b) % N		(u)int256 multiplication modulo N
0A	EXP	A1(opens in a new tab)↗	a, b	a ** b		uint256 exponentiation modulo 2**256
0B	SIGNEXTEND	5	b, x	SIGNEXTEND(x, b)		sign extend(opens in a new tab)↗ x from (b+1) bytes to 32 bytes
0C-0F	invalid
10	LT	3	a, b	a < b		uint256 less-than
11	GT	3	a, b	a > b		uint256 greater-than
12	SLT	3	a, b	a < b		int256 less-than
13	SGT	3	a, b	a > b		int256 greater-than
14	EQ	3	a, b	a == b		(u)int256 equality
15	ISZERO	3	a	a == 0		(u)int256 iszero
16	AND	3	a, b	a && b		bitwise AND
17	OR	3	a, b	a \|\| b		bitwise OR
18	XOR	3	a, b	a ^ b		bitwise XOR
19	NOT	3	a	~a		bitwise NOT
1A	BYTE	3	i, x	(x >> (248 - i * 8)) && 0xFF		ith byte of (u)int256 x, from the left
1B	SHL	3	shift, val	val << shift		shift left
1C	SHR	3	shift, val	val >> shift		logical shift right
1D	SAR	3	shift, val	val >> shift		arithmetic shift right
1E-1F	invalid
20	KECCAK256	A2(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len	keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1])		keccak256
21-2F	invalid
30	ADDRESS	2	.	address(this)		address of executing contract
31	BALANCE	A5(opens in a new tab)↗	addr	addr.balance		balance, in wei
32	ORIGIN	2	.	tx.origin		address that originated the tx
33	CALLER	2	.	msg.sender		address of msg sender
34	CALLVALUE	2	.	msg.value		msg value, in wei
35	CALLDATALOAD	3	idx	msg.data[idx:idx+32]		read word from msg data at index idx
36	CALLDATASIZE	2	.	len(msg.data)		length of msg data, in bytes
37	CALLDATACOPY	A3(opens in a new tab)↗	dstOst, ost, len	.	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := msg.data[ost:ost+len-1]	copy msg data
38	CODESIZE	2	.	len(this.code)		length of executing contract's code, in bytes
39	CODECOPY	A3(opens in a new tab)↗	dstOst, ost, len	.		mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := this.code[ost:ost+len-1]	copy executing contract's bytecode
3A	GASPRICE	2	.	tx.gasprice		gas price of tx, in wei per unit gas **(opens in a new tab)↗
3B	EXTCODESIZE	A5(opens in a new tab)↗	addr	len(addr.code)		size of code at addr, in bytes
3C	EXTCODECOPY	A4(opens in a new tab)↗	addr, dstOst, ost, len	.	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := addr.code[ost:ost+len-1]	copy code from addr
3D	RETURNDATASIZE	2	.	size		size of returned data from last external call, in bytes
3E	RETURNDATACOPY	A3(opens in a new tab)↗	dstOst, ost, len	.	mem[dstOst:dstOst+len-1] := returndata[ost:ost+len-1]	copy returned data from last external call
3F	EXTCODEHASH	A5(opens in a new tab)↗	addr	hash		hash = addr.exists ? keccak256(addr.code) : 0
40	BLOCKHASH	20	blockNum	blockHash(blockNum)
41	COINBASE	2	.	block.coinbase		address of miner of current block
42	TIMESTAMP	2	.	block.timestamp		timestamp of current block
43	NUMBER	2	.	block.number		number of current block
44	PREVRANDAO	2	.	randomness beacon		randomness beacon
45	GASLIMIT	2	.	block.gaslimit		gas limit of current block
46	CHAINID	2	.	chain_id		push current chain id(opens in a new tab)↗ onto stack
47	SELFBALANCE	5	.	address(this).balance		balance of executing contract, in wei
48	BASEFEE	2	.	block.basefee		base fee of current block
49-4F	invalid
50	POP	2	_anon	.		remove item from top of stack and discard it
51	MLOAD	3*(opens in a new tab)↗	ost	mem[ost:ost+32]		read word from memory at offset ost
52	MSTORE	3*(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, val	.	mem[ost:ost+32] := val	write a word to memory
53	MSTORE8	3*(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, val	.	mem[ost] := val && 0xFF	write a single byte to memory
54	SLOAD	A6(opens in a new tab)↗	key	storage[key]		read word from storage
55	SSTORE	A7(opens in a new tab)↗	key, val	.	storage[key] := val	write word to storage
56	JUMP	8	dst	.		$pc := dst mark that pc is only assigned if dst is a valid jumpdest
57	JUMPI	10	dst, condition	.		$pc := condition ? dst : $pc + 1
58	PC	2	.	$pc		program counter
59	MSIZE	2	.	len(mem)		size of memory in current execution context, in bytes
5A	GAS	2	.	gasRemaining
5B	JUMPDEST	1			mark valid jump destination	a valid jump destination for example a jump destination not inside the push data
5C-5E	invalid
5F	PUSH0	2	.	uint8		push the constant value 0 onto stack
60	PUSH1	3	.	uint8		push 1-byte value onto stack
61	PUSH2	3	.	uint16		push 2-byte value onto stack
62	PUSH3	3	.	uint24		push 3-byte value onto stack
63	PUSH4	3	.	uint32		push 4-byte value onto stack
64	PUSH5	3	.	uint40		push 5-byte value onto stack
65	PUSH6	3	.	uint48		push 6-byte value onto stack
66	PUSH7	3	.	uint56		push 7-byte value onto stack
67	PUSH8	3	.	uint64		push 8-byte value onto stack
68	PUSH9	3	.	uint72		push 9-byte value onto stack
69	PUSH10	3	.	uint80		push 10-byte value onto stack
6A	PUSH11	3	.	uint88		push 11-byte value onto stack
6B	PUSH12	3	.	uint96		push 12-byte value onto stack
6C	PUSH13	3	.	uint104		push 13-byte value onto stack
6D	PUSH14	3	.	uint112		push 14-byte value onto stack
6E	PUSH15	3	.	uint120		push 15-byte value onto stack
6F	PUSH16	3	.	uint128		push 16-byte value onto stack
70	PUSH17	3	.	uint136		push 17-byte value onto stack
71	PUSH18	3	.	uint144		push 18-byte value onto stack
72	PUSH19	3	.	uint152		push 19-byte value onto stack
73	PUSH20	3	.	uint160		push 20-byte value onto stack
74	PUSH21	3	.	uint168		push 21-byte value onto stack
75	PUSH22	3	.	uint176		push 22-byte value onto stack
76	PUSH23	3	.	uint184		push 23-byte value onto stack
77	PUSH24	3	.	uint192		push 24-byte value onto stack
78	PUSH25	3	.	uint200		push 25-byte value onto stack
79	PUSH26	3	.	uint208		push 26-byte value onto stack
7A	PUSH27	3	.	uint216		push 27-byte value onto stack
7B	PUSH28	3	.	uint224		push 28-byte value onto stack
7C	PUSH29	3	.	uint232		push 29-byte value onto stack
7D	PUSH30	3	.	uint240		push 30-byte value onto stack
7E	PUSH31	3	.	uint248		push 31-byte value onto stack
7F	PUSH32	3	.	uint256		push 32-byte value onto stack
80	DUP1	3	a	a, a		clone 1st value on stack
81	DUP2	3	_, a	a, _, a		clone 2nd value on stack
82	DUP3	3	_, _, a	a, _, _, a		clone 3rd value on stack
83	DUP4	3	_, _, _, a	a, _, _, _, a		clone 4th value on stack
84	DUP5	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 5th value on stack
85	DUP6	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 6th value on stack
86	DUP7	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 7th value on stack
87	DUP8	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 8th value on stack
88	DUP9	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 9th value on stack
89	DUP10	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 10th value on stack
8A	DUP11	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 11th value on stack
8B	DUP12	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 12th value on stack
8C	DUP13	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 13th value on stack
8D	DUP14	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 14th value on stack
8E	DUP15	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 15th value on stack
8F	DUP16	3	..., a	a, ..., a		clone 16th value on stack
90	SWAP1	3	a, b	b, a
91	SWAP2	3	a, _, b	b, _, a
92	SWAP3	3	a, _, _, b	b, _, _, a
93	SWAP4	3	a, _, _, _, b	b, _, _, _, a
94	SWAP5	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
95	SWAP6	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
96	SWAP7	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
97	SWAP8	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
98	SWAP9	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
99	SWAP10	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
9A	SWAP11	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
9B	SWAP12	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
9C	SWAP13	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
9D	SWAP14	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
9E	SWAP15	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
9F	SWAP16	3	a, ..., b	b, ..., a
A0	LOG0	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len	.		LOG0(memory[ost:ost+len-1])
A1	LOG1	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len, topic0	.		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0)
A2	LOG2	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len, topic0, topic1	.		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1)
A3	LOG3	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2	.		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2)
A4	LOG4	A8(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3	.		LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len-1], topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3)
A5-EF	invalid
F0	CREATE	A9(opens in a new tab)↗	val, ost, len	addr		addr = keccak256(rlp([address(this), this.nonce]))
F1	CALL	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen	success	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F2	CALLCODE	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen	success	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] = returndata	same as DELEGATECALL, but does not propagate original msg.sender and msg.value
F3	RETURN	0*(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len	.		return mem[ost:ost+len-1]
F4	DELEGATECALL	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen	success	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
F5	CREATE2	A9(opens in a new tab)↗	val, ost, len, salt	addr		addr = keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ salt ++ keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len-1]))[12:]
F6-F9	invalid
FA	STATICCALL	AA(opens in a new tab)↗	gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen	success	mem[retOst:retOst+retLen-1] := returndata
FB-FC	invalid
FD	REVERT	0*(opens in a new tab)↗	ost, len	.		revert(mem[ost:ost+len-1])
FE	INVALID	AF(opens in a new tab)↗			designated invalid opcode - EIP-141(opens in a new tab)↗
FF	SELFDESTRUCT	AB(opens in a new tab)↗	addr	.			destroy contract and sends all funds to addr